A History of Adinkra Symbols

A History of Adinkra Symbols Adinkra is a cotton cloth produced in Ghana and Cà ´te dIvoire which has traditional Akan symbols stamped upon it. The adinkra symbols represent popular proverbs and maxims, record historical events, express particular attitudes or behavior related to depicted figures, or concepts uniquely related to abstract shapes. It is one of several traditional cloths produced in the region. The other well-known cloths are kente and adanudo. The symbols were often linked with a proverb, so they convey more meaning than a single word. Robert Sutherland  Rattray compiled a list of 53 adinkra symbols in his book, Religion and Art in Ashanti, in 1927. The History of Adinkra Cloth and Symbols The Akan people (of what is now Ghana and Cà ´te dIvoire) had developed significant skills in weaving by the sixteenth century, with Nsoko (present-day Begho) being an important weaving center. Adinkra, originally produced by the Gyaaman clans of the Brong region, was the exclusive right of royalty and spiritual leaders, and only used for important ceremonies such as funerals. Adinkra means goodbye. During a military conflict at the beginning of the nineteenth century, caused by the Gyaaman trying to copy the neighboring Asantes golden stool (the symbol of the Asante nation), the Gyaaman king was killed. His adinkra robe was taken by Nana Osei Bonsu-Panyin, the  Asante Hene  (Asante King), as a trophy. With the robe came the knowledge of adinkra aduru (the special ink used in the printing process) and the process of stamping the designs onto cotton cloth. Over time the Asante further developed adinkra symbology, incorporating their own philosophies, folk tales, and culture. Adinkra symbols were also used on pottery, metalwork (especially  abosodee), and are now incorporated into modern commercial designs (where their related meanings give added significance to the product), architecture and sculpture. Adinkra Cloth Today Adinkra cloth is more widely available today, although the traditional methods of production are very much in use. The traditional ink (adinkra aduru) used for stamping is obtained by boiling the bark of the Badie tree with iron slag. Because the ink is not fixed, the material should not be washed. Adinkra cloth is used in Ghana for special occasions such as weddings and initiation rites. Note that African fabrics often differ between those made for local use and those that are exported. The cloth for local use is usually replete with hidden meanings or local proverbs, allowing locals to make particular statements with their costume. Those fabrics produced for overseas markets tend to use more sanitized symbology. Use of Adinkra Symbols You will find adinkra symbols on many exported items, such as furniture, sculpture, pottery, t-shirts, hats and other clothing items in addition to fabric. Another popular use of the symbols is for tattoo art. You should further research the meaning of any symbol before deciding to use it for a tattoo to ensure it conveys the message you desire.

Pulp Fiction - Film Review essays

Pulp Fiction - Film Review essays Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is one of the most daring, puzzling, and ultimately exciting pieces of cinema to hit the screen in years. As wholly original as it is a copy of hundreds of films before it about tales of hitmen and criminals, it dares you to step out of the dull and enter a colorful, exhilarating world that could only be Los Angeles. The intensity level of the movie is off the scale. People are laughing like crazy in the theater to the intelligent dialog and other scenes that have the audience gasping for air in shock over what just happened. Although one might say that Pulp Fiction is overly violent and disturbing, it is in fact, one of the greatest movies due to Quentin Tarantino's incredible screenplay, the intensity of the actors, and music to set the mood. Pulp Fiction is rebellious in the way that it manipulates all usual plots structures by twisting time to satisfy its system. The film tells a series of interlocking stories involving two hitmen, a boxer and his French girlfriend, a crime boss, and his mischievous wife, a small time drug dealer, two lovebird robbers, two hillbilly rapists, and a leather freak. However, all these stories revolve around three main plots; Vincent (John Travolta) taking the crime boss's wife out (Umma Thurman), the crime boss asks the boxer (Bruce Willis) to throw out the boxing match, and the two lovebirds decision and outcome about robbing a restaurant. Also to add to the mixture, comical violence, and the fascinatingly vulgar dialogue are all the elements in place for the most shamelessly entertaining film of the year. Part of the genius of this film is the way Tarantino manipulates the conventional plot structure to make the impossible possible. It is an odd phenomenon how he could alter time so intentionally, yet finish with a product that is not only easily understood, but flows more smoothly than it would have it he had told it linearly. ...

Medieval vs. Rennaissance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Medieval vs. Rennaissance - Assignment Example Thisis very distinct of the period of Renaissance as people were never content with a certain amount of knowledge and power. Thus, in the painting, God is seen above everyone else, seeing how He is to judge each person according to his or her actions. In the painting â€Å"The Flight & Failure of St. Anthony†, one can see the many struggles one goes through and daily battle to choose the good. Here, the saying, â€Å"with great knowledge comes great responsibility†, isthe underlying message Bosch wanted to send. Also, in the â€Å"Death of the Miser†, we can see that life on earth is somehow prolonged or extended by the use of medicine and medical advancements that eases one’s suffering of any illness. However, as death is inevitable and is a part of life, as humans were never meant to live forever, no technology can fathom mortality. Indeed, all these three works of Bosch depicts the milieu of the Renaissance where people’s lives, actions and beliefs are influenced by the power they recognize they have. This knowledge and power makes it more trivial to choose the good despite the attractiveness of evil options around us. Moreover, these paintings just illustrates how people really longed for knowledge & power during the Medieval times, that being deprived from it made them want both so bad to the extent of compromising morality and

A Church as One of the Important Foundations of Community Literature review - 2

A Church as One of the Important Foundations of Community - Literature review Example The culture of consumerism, according to Brooks (2), is the main problem that has undermined the biblical model. Communities frequently view the classical church as archaic or oppressive. As a result, the church is viewed by the public as a provider of religious services only. Furthermore, churches of different congregations have come to inventing multiple creative ways of attracting people to them – attracting new ‘clients’, just like it happens in the corporate world. Churches compete among themselves to offer the most attractive array of programs to potential ‘clients’. People, in their turn, are free to move from one church to another depending on their individual needs or preferences. As a result, they do not form a single community of believers, because their interests and activities may be scattered across a wide array of different programs offered by different churches. So, the biblical discipline should be enforced in order for the communitie s to become more united. First of all, and it should be among the tasks of the church, it is necessary to deliver to the people the need for unity. Knowledge, intelligence and virtues are the foundation for making the church a community consolidation institute, instead of just a temporary community of parishioners (Hauerwas). Public and private moralities, as Stanley Hauerwas suggests, should be united in order for people to change their perception of churches. The society has to realize the very nature of the church as an institution.

Outline Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline - Research Proposal Example Gender conflicts have become one of the major consequences for several leading retail chain organizations within the industry. It is true that these multinational leading retail chain organizations have developed workplace diversity in the business operation process in order to ensure effective knowledge sharing within the workplaces. However, several organizations are trying to maintain gender equality in the workplaces in different global places in order to maintain strong relationship with the valuable internal and external stakeholders (Daft, 2010, p.21). Application of â€Å"Stakeholder Theory† sustainability theory can be implemented in the study with respect to the selected topic issues i.e. workplace gender conflicts in leading retail chain organizations. Gender conflicts can be considered as one of the serious CSR or SD issues that can hamper the social sustainability of an organization (Eifler and Seifert, 2009, p.269). It is true that the external stakeholders gener ally take interest in the business operation process and business performance of an organization if that organization successfully meets the developed corporate values, business ethics and social or communal demand (Sims, 2003, p.104). This research will majorly focus on the application of this theory to analyze the particular issues. Valuable related thoughts and views of different authors have been considered in this part of the research to meet the developed research objective. There are two types of research methods, such as qualitative and quantitative research methodology. Quantitative research methodology generally deals with the numerical data on the other hand qualitative research methodology generally deals with inner feelings, behaviour and response of the respondents towards asked questions based on the research objective (Kothari, 2004, p.21). Qualitative research methodology has been selected based on the exploratory nature of the study (Kuada, 2012, p.57). In

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay This reports investigates the management style, organisational culture, power and politics and employee support lessons of Runway. A conclusion is made in the fifth chapter. It is important to note that the movie is a caricature on organisational level. Quotes from the movie are referenced with the first name of the character. Many authors developed many models to analyse the above fields. In this report however, a very brief selection was made due to the limited word count. The sixth chapter reflects how this relates to Duo2, the organisation I worked in. The last chapter offers recommendations. Management style The management style in runway fits the most the contingency approach. Different theories also identify the behavioural leadership. Contingency approach Scott states the essence of contingency theory: the best way to organise depends on the nature of the environment to which the organisation relates (Scott 1998: 96). The fashion industry is very dependent on their environment, which is very fluctuating. This means that Runways best way in constantly changing as well, answering the trends in the industry. Miranda often does last-minute changes such as rescheduling meetings or changing promotions due to external factors. Team working stimulates the spread of new ideas, which are vital for change (Burns and Stalker 1966). Moreover, this change or innovation is vital for most companies, especially in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to get new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team make suggestions to develop a new outfit for Runway-cover. Lawrence and Lorsch (1968) state the importance of balancing differentiation and integration of those teams, enabling them to be best equipped to adapt to environmental changes. The balance in Runway tends more to be towards integration instead of differentiation, due to Mirandas tight control and the strong organisational culture (see next chapter). Taylor (scientific management) did already emphasize the importance of choosing the general type of management best suited to a particular case (Bizcovering 2009). Follet (human relations approach) formulated the law of the situation: the necessity of acting in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation (Bizcovering 2009). As Andy develops and improves, Mirandas approach and attitude to her changes as well. The contingency approach is criticised because of its lack of theoretical foundation and being basically intuitive (Bizcovering 2009). Miranda has absolute power and controls whole Runway. This enables her to act in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation. A more democratic approach would lack the flexibility needed to fully benefit the contingency approach. However, Mirandas decisions are indeed basically intuitive. Behavioural leadership The character of Miranda is autocratic. She uses direct control over her employees. It could be argued that creative jobs need more responsible autonomy. However, at Runway the direct control seems to work for most of the employees. On Tannebaum and Schmidts continuum, she scores highest on use of authority by the manager and lowest on area of freedom for subordinates. Andy literally sold her freedom to her. She does not have any private life anymore, illustrated by the loss of her friends and boyfriend. Tannebaum and Schmidt describe Mirandas behaviour as the manager decides and announces the decision. (Businessballs 2009). Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify her as a traditionalist, having little attention to the employee needs. Traditionalists oppose trade unions. For the size of a company such as Runway, it is however likely that there is trade union presence. The management style fits the business. The high autocratic behaviour exploits fully all opportunities the contingency approach offers. Moreover, it is one of the roots of the organisational culture, discussed in the next chapter. Organisational culture Runway has a strong organisational culture. This is because of the employees alignment to the organisational values. The best performing organisations are those with a strong culture (Deal and Kennedy 1999). Moreover, Peters and Waterman (1982) argue that excellent organisations have a strong cooperate culture. However, despite all the attributed excellence there is major risk in strong cultural organisation: groupthink. This name was given by Janis as a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternatives of action. (Janis 1982: 9). This means that employees do not challenge the current organisational ideas, resulting in very poor innovation and low flexibility. Johnsons cultural web Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web consists out of six interrelated elements. Together they form the paradigm of the organisation. These six factors are described below. Stories Stories can be about people as well as events. On Andys first day, she hears from Emily that her precedents only lasted a few weeks. Moreover, Andy became a story herself because of her unfashionable taste in the beginning (Rebecca and Emily talking), and at the end because of her achievements (Emily talking to the new girl and Mirandas recommendation fax). One event clearly stands out as well: the fashion week in Paris. Paris is fabulous. Its the best thing that could ever happen to a person (Emily). Miranda confesses she lives towards this week during the whole year. These stories show how much Runway values the fashion week in Paris. Rituals and routines When Miranda arrives at Runway in the morning, the morning-routine can be clearly observed. Everything is prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid her at any cost: a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologises, people in the corridor turn back the way they came from, etc. Dealing with Miranda requires some rituals. The most important one is to never ask her anything. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual, described in appendix 1. Symbols Runway is fashion. This symbol can be found in the clothing style and even the eating habits of the staff, the design of the offices. Its product, the magazine, became a clear symbol in the fashion industry. Organizational structure The entire organisation is built around Miranda. Hierarchical structure at lower levels is not shown in the film. It is for example unclear how Nigel leads his department. Control systems There is no information about financial, quality or reward systems. Miranda exercises all control by making all employees fear her. This pushed the staff into certain rituals and routines, all in function to please Miranda. Power structures Miranda has all the real power. During the film this is obvious in the way she leads Runway. Even in the end, when they try to replace her, she has a list of people who will go with her if she goes. This proves her power. This topic will be further specified in the next chapter. In addition to Johnsons cultural web, an analysis according to Schein (1985), who argued culture could be analyzed at several different levels, is included in appendix 2. Handys four cultures Handy (1985) identifies the following four cultures. Trompenaars et al (2003) also distinguishes four corporate cultures, showing similarities with Handys model (appendix 3). Power culture Power cultures give complete power to a few who control everything. This allows them to make fast decisions and does not require much rules or bureaucracy. Miranda enjoys absolute power, which indeed enables here to make swift decisions. She makes the whole company run for her by constantly advancing deadlines. She is famous for being unpredictable because her position allows her to be unpredictable (Doug). Role culture A role culture has a highly defined structure, where everybody has its own role. These are usual hierarchical bureaucracies. At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role, especially Andy: she is Mirandas secretary, but also makes her childrens science-project, goes to pick up orders, buys food and drinks for Miranda and arranges the unpublished Harry Potter book for Mirandas children. Task culture In tasks cultures, employees work as teams to focus on a particular problem. Expertise is power. There is not much proof of teamwork at Runway, unless initiated by Miranda. Everybody does what Miranda wishes, despite their expertise. Person culture Person cultures all build on egalitarian individuals. Andy however does not have the same power as Miranda has. Whole Runway is just built on one individual: Miranda. Organisational power and politics French and Raven French and Raven (1959) argued that power is based on the following five categories: Coercive power This is the power of dictators such as Miranda. Though often identified as being physical, this is not the case here. The use of threats characterises coercive power. The fear of losing their job is the biggest threat for Runways employees. Employees only want to survive. Reward power As a single decision maker, Miranda can decide who gets promoted, or who joins her to celebrations. For example: the famous Paris week was taken away from Emily and given to Andy. However, employees are not rewarded for their compliance. Nigel explains Andy: Dont be surprised Miranda does not give you a kiss on the forehead and a golden star on your homework. Later on, he, one of the most loyal employees, did not receive a promised promotion because of Mirandas self-interest. Legitimate power Most people believe Miranda can make any demands, just because she is famous. As a leader of Runway she has legitimate power. However, this power is not only from her position: even when she would lose that position she has a group of people who would obey her. Referent power As being famous, Miranda enjoys a lot of referent power. A million girls would kill for that job [which Andy has] (Dough) or people are dying to work here (Nigel). Some employees perform beyond their capacity, because it is for Miranda. Emily for example comes to work when she is ill, telling herself I love my job, I love my job. Miranda uses her referent power as coercion. Maybe Emily did not come to work for Miranda (only) but out of fear of Miranda. Expert power In this category Miranda has a power base as well. Her expertise made her famous, which gave her referent power. Therefore she was given legitimate power as well. Miranda turned all powers into coercion, to have maximum control to do what she considers to be best for the magazine. Amitai Etzioni Etzioni (1968) discovered an association between the kind of power mix typically used by an organization and the modal involvement of its lower participant. Highly coercive mixes tend to be met with intensive negative involvement, normative mixes with intense positive involvement, and remunerative mixes with less intense positive or negative involvement, depending on the mix. (Etzioni 1968: 103). Coercive power Coercive power, typified by prisons, is discussed previously (3.1.1). Remunerative power Remunerative power, typical in factories, is discussed previously as well (3.1.4). Normative power Normative power relies on the power of symbols, typified by churches. The Runway magazine can be seen as a symbol of fashion. Nigel tells Andy the magazine represented hope for him when he was a little boy. Alientive involvement Alientive involvement describes Andys attitude, as an answer to Mirandas coercive power. She is pushed to do things against her will, such as helping on the science project of the twins. Calculative/pecuniary involvement Calculative involvement is based on extrinsic reward. This kind of involvement comes forth out of remunerative power. Emily is calculative involved because of the Paris week and all the clothes she would receive. Moral involvement Moral involvement is based on individual beliefs. At Runway, most employees are moral involved because they believe in Miranda for what she represents or symbolises, answering her normative power. Employee support lessons It is important to define the psychological contract first to understand what goes on in the workplace. It is defined as the expectations or perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other. (Guest and Conway 2001). Andys and Mirandas expectations are different. The table in appendix 4 illustrates some of the differences. The psychological contract is based on employees sense of fairness and trust and their belief that the employer is honouring the deal between them. (CIPD 2008). Andy does not have this sense of fairness, she has feels as Mirandas slave, resulting in alientive involvement. However, this psychological contract does work for other employees, as they do not expect any fairness and believe that Miranda is doing what is best. Nigel plays a big role in Andys support lessons. Paternalistically he takes care of her appearance: giving her shoes, choosing clothes for her, taking her to the beauty department, etc. Emily tells her what she has to do practically: taking Mirandas coat, how to deliver the book to Miranda, not talking to Miranda, studying all guests names of the party, etc. Nigel and Emily helped Andy to fit into Runways organisational culture. Moreover, they explained the employers side of the psychological contract. There is a clear evolution in Andys behaviour and attitude, as she learns about Runways psychological contract. Being stressed out after Mirandas first demanding request, she is able to execute her later even more demanding tasks perfectly, as she learnt what Miranda expects. Not only did she find the unpublished Harry Potter script, she also knew that Miranda expected two copies, and made sure these copies were delivered to the twins before they went to their grandmother. In the end, even Miranda helps Andy understand that she expects the job to be more important than her personal life, because that is what it takes to do this job (Miranda). Andy evolutes into this kind of person, accepting Runways psychological contract. However, eventually she decides that she does not want to be like this, and quits her job. Conclusion Miranda is an autocratic dictator, using her own best practise way. This contingency approach gives her a lot of freedom. She is the base of Runways strong organisational culture. Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web and Scheins (1985) three levels describe this culture. Runway is typified by a power culture, giving Miranda maximum control and flexibility (Handy 1985). This power is based in all the categories identified by French and Raven (1959). Mirandas personal power sources (expert and referent power) gave her positional power sources (legitimate, reward and coercive power). She (ab)uses coercive power the most. Unlike Etzioni (1968) suggests, employees are mostly moral involved instead of alientive involved. Andy is the exception, not sharing the organisational beliefs in fashion, resulting in alientive involvement. The problem with the psychological contract is that it is unwritten, and thus difficult to find out (Guest and Conway 2001). Andy has the help from Nigel, Emily and even Miranda in understanding the psychological contract at Runways. As she becomes aware of Mirandas expectations, she adapts herself (and her expectations) to fulfil Mirandas. However, eventually she decides that her job does not come before her personal life. This difference in expectations makes her quit her job. Application to the organisation Duo2 Duo2 was a sustainable marketing and communication agency founded by me and five other students for two months, as part of our degree in marketing. A modern management style was used. Duo2 was a learning organisation (Garvin and Cizik 1991), acquiring knowledge to fulfil certain tasks. We developed a course book for entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, though none of us was familiar with tourism. Consequence: learning about tourism. Our CEO adapted a laissez-faire approach, giving us maximum freedom and responsible autonomy. We could chose our hours and place of work. Further it can be described as a manager who joins (Tannebaum and Schmidt cited in Businessballs 2009) as we made all decisions together. Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify this as sophisticated constitutionalists moderns. We had a very weak organisational culture, with no organisational- or power structure, no control systems and no rituals. Stories were limited to gossips about lectors. The only symbol was our logo (Johnson et al 2002). Our mission and vision captured our underlying values and beliefs (Schein 1985). We worked in teams focussing on different tasks (task culture) in an egalitarian and informal style (incubator culture) (Handy 1985 and Trompenaars et al 2003). Some people worked on the tourism course book, others focussed on other clients or other tasks such as creating the website, searching clients, etc. Power was based on expertise (French and Raven 1959). Somebody with superior writing skills was leading the writing team. Creative talents had authority over the website. Our involvement was calculative: we worked only hard enough to pass and for the money, which was equally divided. With no different positional power sources and equity there was a perfect psychological contract: We did not have different expectations for ourselves than for others. Though some had different levels perceptions of qualitative work, generally we all expected the same from each other. Appendix 5 compares the discussed topics of Runways with Duo2s Recommendations (if Duo2 would still exist) The management style, organisational culture and equity provided a lot of freedom in Duo2. To sustain this freedom, a lot of communication is needed (who works where on what?). Therefore I recommend the implication of a better communication system. Weekly office meetings at the same time would help. Especially a personal logbook/task plan available to everybody would be useful. This means that everybody can see who did, is doing, or going to do certain tasks at which location. This would enhance the current task culture and create more efficiency. Moreover, the personal logbook can also be used as a way of performance management. We had a lot of freedom which made us happy and generally performed well. Though for some individuals it is good to have some kind of control system in place, to make sure they perform equally well and to communicate performances of everybody (which cannot always be noticed). This would make sure that everybody works the same hard, supporting our egalitarian culture and Adams equity theory. At the weekly office meetings everybody could present their logbook, the work they did, and their task plan, the work they plan doing the next week. This control system makes the employees freedom justifiable and does not undermine it. It is important to state that the freedom was very important for our motivation and inspiration, as most tasks were creative. Moreover, this allowed us to get the maximum out of ourselves. The freedom needs to be kept, however I recommend the above control system to be implemented in order to guarantee and check upon the productivity of that freedom. List of References Bizcovering (2009) Contingency Approach to Management [online] available from [20 March 2007] Burns, T. and Stalker, G., M. (1966) The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publ. Businessballs (2009) Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum [online] available from [8 April 2009] Changing Minds (2009) Trompenaars four diversity cultures [online] available from [22 February 2009] CIPD (2008) The psychological contract [online] available from [12 April 2008] Deal, T., E. and Kennedy, A., A. (1999) The New Corporate Cultures. New York: Perseus Publishing Etzioni, A. (1968) Organizational Dimensions and their Interrelationships: A Theory of Compliance. Indik, B. and Berrien, K. (eds.) People, Groups, and Organizations, 94-109 Frankel, D. (2006) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [21 February 2009] French, J.R.P. and Raven, B. (1959) The bases of social power. Studies in Social Power Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Garvin, D. (2003) Learning in Action: A Guide to Putting the Learning Organization to Work. Harvard : Harvard Business Press Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2001) Organisational Change and the Psychological Contract. London: CIPD Handy, C., B. (1985) 3rd edn. Understanding Organizations. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Hedges, P. (2005) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [19 February 2009] Janis, I., L. (1982) 2nd edn. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Johnson, G., K., Scholes and R., Whittington (2002) 8th edn. Exploring corporate strategy. London: Prentice Hall Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1968) Differentiation and Integrations in Complex Organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30 Peters, T., J. and Waterman, R., H (1982) In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. New York: Harper Row. Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1983) Strategies and practice in the management of industrial relations. Bain, G. (editor) Industrial Relations in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Schein, E.,H. (1985) 3rd edn. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Chichester: Wiley Scott, W., R. (1998) 4th edn. Organisations: rational, natural, and open systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Trompenaars, F. and Woolliams, P. (2003) Business Across Cultures. Chichester: Wiley

Cyberculture and the Future of Print :: Technology Writing Technological Papers

The technology that is available to the public today is mind-blowing. In my lifetime alone, I have seen astounding technological progress: from the home computer to the DVD player, to truly surreal medical breakthroughs. A new era is taking hold of society. We are faster, better educated, richer, and livelonger. All of these things can be attributed to the technological advances that have occurred within the last fifty years. Thanks to the â€Å"modern marvels† of our time, we can watch big-screen quality movies in our own homes, brew an awesome cup of French espresso without leaving the kitchen, and cooler still—communicate with someone in China, without ever picking up the phone or using a pen. Although electronic mail (a.k.a. email) is mainly used, at least in societies perception, for â€Å"quick† (and therefore not terribly important) conversations, I believe email has an important role precisely because it gets rid of the quick and unimportant details before face-to-face communication can take place. Allowing the face-to-face communication to focus more on significant issues. Erin Karper, a graduate student at Purdue University, writes this about an interview she conducted with a fellow student: Yes, I think [email] is important. I think that it allows us to prepare in advance for face-to-face meetings by allowing people to enter the conversation in a written mode, perhaps more carefully and well stated compared with the time-limited, real-time, face-to-face group discourse. So, what I am saying†¦I think email is important because it allows for pre-meeting communication that is of a different nature in terms of turn taking, temporality, and so forth. This different nature allows for more participation and more diverse modes of communication centering upon a given issue. I am not a knowledgeable user of technology; nor can I even claim to be an efficient one, but some technology I admit I can’t live without; such as: Microsoft word and, my best friend, email—though I use it for personal and educational correspondence; not nearly as fancy as Erin and her colleagues. I’m a busy person, and don’t have time for face-to-face communication with my friends and family, and I definitely don’t have the time to write and mail a letter. Email is an excellent alternative to face-to-face meetings, phone calls, and letters. I can describe important details of my day to people who mean the most to me, or I can update a classmate on upcoming assignments.

Child abandoment Essay

Many babies are abandoned by parents who avoid their responsibilities. It could be have really serious problems, but it is irresponsible behavior. In addition, some parents abandon the babies outside. It is cruel behavior. We should not ignore this problem. There are three solutions: controlling illegal abandonment, allowing abortion legally, and educating people to use contraception. Controlling illegal abandonment is a good way to prevent babies from being abandoned. The police should catch and punish the parents who abandon their babies. Because it is the same as murder. So it has to be strictly controlled. However, it’s hard to find and catch the parents because they abandon babies secretly. Therefore, the government should set cameras that track everything everywhere, and warn people that if they abandon their babies, they will be punished intensely. Allowing abortion legally can prevent babies from being abandoned. There are some countries in which abortion is illegal. So the women who want abortion decide to do dangerous illegal abortion or abandon the babies. So the government should allow abortion. Nevertheless, some people will disagree if the government allows abortion. In this case, the government should persuade women to make their own decisions about their bodies. Education people to use contraception is the best way to prevent babies from being abandoned. Many people don’t know how important contraception is. So the government should educate people to do contraception to prevent unwanted babies. However, some people ignore or don’t believe this kind of education. Thus, the government should educate people since they are children. In conclusion, we can try some solutions to prevent babies from being abandoned even though it is not easy. The government should set cameras that track everything, and warn people to control illegal abandonment. And the government should allow abortion legally and persuade people who disagree of abortion. Also, the government should educate people since they are children to learn how important contraception is.

Health Care Inequalities Social Work Essay Essays

Health Care Inequalities Social Work Essay Essays Health Care Inequalities Social Work Essay Essay Health Care Inequalities Social Work Essay Essay Health inequalities are most pronounced between Autochthonal and non-Indigenous Australians Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2004. However this state of affairs is non the topic of treatment of this essay however such state of affairs has been discussed by and large. In 1946 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) of the United Nations ( UN ) defined wellness as a status of absolute mental, societal and physical well being and non merely the absence of disease or illness ( Donatelle, 2006 ) . This is a much wider position than the medical theoretical account of wellness, which places the accent on happening a remedy for physiological symptoms and frailties, instead than on covering with the entire environment, which may hold entirely or partially caused the physiological status. There are important wellness disparities across the assorted communities and parts of the State. Australians by and large bask a high criterion of life. However, whilst Australia ranks figure two to Japan in the universe in wellness quality ( life anticipation ) , it ranks merely figure 17 in wellness equality ( ABS, 2004 ) . These inequalities subsist on a assortment of steps ( including rates of unwellness, decease and hurt ; self-rated wellness and life anticipation ) every bit good as in issues known to impact wellness ( such as high blood force per unit area and smoke ; the usage of wellness and unwellness disincentive services ; and wellness cognition, attitudes and behaviors ) . While a series of issues has been established to be related with inequalities, the most of import and changeless contain degree of profession, instruction, service, income position and subdivision of abode, disablement, refugee background and Aboriginality. Ethnicity and gender are besides factors that may lend to and intensify wellness inequalities ( Donatelle, 2006 ) . Health inequalities are the consequence of the cumulative consequence of exposures over a life-time ( Baum, Palmer, Modra, Murray, A ; Bush, 2000 ) . However, childhood and adolescence are peculiarly important times because experience in early life influences subsequently behaviour and physical and mental wellness ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Therefore, wellness publicity attempts should relieve and non worsen wellness inequalities for kids besides. Apart from debut, this essay is divided chiefly into two subdivisions i.e. factors create wellness disparities and recommendation for its relief. 1. Factors that create wellness unfairnesss Health disparities have become progressively recognized as subscribers to increased diseases. There are many factors within society that act as barriers to accomplishing optimum wellness. Harmonizing to Donatelle ( 2006 ) , the major causes of wellness unfairnesss in Australia are: AÂ · Geographic locations AÂ · socio-economic factors AÂ · entree to services and conveyance AÂ · quality of early old ages of life AÂ · societal properties ( such as favoritism and societal exclusion ) Unfortunately, many Australians at the same time see a figure of these societal hazard factors that affect wellness. Most of these are beyond the control of the person, so it is inappropriate to blame the victim and to state that people should get a occupation , move house or get an instruction to better their fortunes ( Baum et al. , 2000 ) . As a society, Australia needs to see how the degrees of disadvantage experienced by many people today can be reduced so that everyone has the same chances to make optimum wellness. To make this efficaciously, we must recognize the underlying societal causes of the wellness unfairnesss that exist, and see wellness in its broadest sense. Action to accomplish equity in wellness demands to be underpinned by rules of societal justness. The impact of each of these factors will be discussed below. AÂ · Geographic locations Inequalities in wellness have been found between geographic countries ( ABS, 2004 ) . This is due both to people with similar wellness position life in the same countries and to local environments that do non back up good wellness ( e.g. because they lack accessible, inexpensive and healthy nutrient, safe streets or chances for meaningful societal engagement ) . Peoples populating in urban countries have entree to services such as clean H2O supply, alimentary nutrient and refuse disposal, nevertheless such services can non be guaranteed for people populating in some outer-urban, rural and distant locations. This greatly affects the wellness of people in those communities because without those services they become more susceptible to catching diseases. While entree to wellness attention is besides an issue in many rural centres because such centres have trouble of pulling physicians and other wellness staff to work at that place ( Baum et al. , 2000 ) . Many immature people of rural and distant countries leave their countries for seeking employment and educational chances elsewhere which leads to a decrease in the population and, as a consequence, many such services have been cut in these countries. Similarly environmental factors such as air and noise pollutions that vary from country to country ( like industrial country ) besides adversely affect wellness peculiarly of turning kids. AÂ · Socio-economic factors Health inequalities are explained mostly by unequal entree to material resources necessary for wellness, such as good lodging, sufficient income and healthy nutrient. Equally good as holding a direct impact on wellness, these may besides ensue in psychological and societal conditions which are wellness damaging ( Baum et al. , 2000 ) . For illustration, low income and unemployment can take to societal isolation and exclusion, both of which have been found to act upon wellness. In bend, these conditions can act upon whether people adopt healthy behaviors. For illustration, a perceptual experience that they are being treated below the belt may sabotage people s trust in others and in establishments, and therefore their capacity to organize the societal connexions understood to be of import for good mental wellness ( Grbich, 1999 ) . Low socioeconomic place causes hapless wellness ( instead than the contrary ) , hapless wellness can increase the likeliness of a individual going disadvantaged. This contributes to a rhythm of hapless wellness and disadvantage which may prevail across coevalss ( Grbich, 1999 ) . AÂ · Access to services and conveyance Equal entree to wellness attention and conveyance requires the proviso of services that are within the range of the population and run into the demands of the population. This can be achieved through the analysis of the features of the population in footings of: AÂ · age AÂ · disablement AÂ · gender AÂ · geographic location AÂ · cultural background AÂ · educational degree AÂ · socio-economic position Peoples will be more likely to entree services if they believe that those services are culturally appropriate, and employ wellness workers who are sensitive to their state of affairs ( McMurray, 2007 ) . It is besides of import that wellness services are available to people in footings of the distance they have to go, how long they have to wait for service, the physical entree to the edifice in which the service is located and the sum they have to pay for the service. Lack of transit installations may restrict the people s full engagement in community life which is associated with wellness impacts. AÂ · Quality of early old ages of life The constitution of grownup wellness is in advancement before birth and in early childhood. Slow advancement and hapless early experiences turn into biologically entrenched during development. They boost the lifetime danger of disadvantaged emotional wellness and lessening cognitive, physical and emotional public presentation into maturity. Poor accomplishments during gestation ( such as maternal smoke ; nutritionary lacks, intoxicant and drug usage ; and hapless antenatal attention ) can take to hapless fetal development, which is a hazard factor for hapless wellness later in life ( McMurray, 2007 ) . AÂ · Social properties Groups sing disadvantage or trouble may be unfastened to the elements to legion unsafe issues lending to wellness inequalities. These include societal exclusion ( discussed under socio-economic factors ) , racism and favoritism ( Grbich, 1999 ) . Each of these societal hazard factors, in isolation, can make unfairnesss in wellness position. The world is that many people in Australian society experience a figure of these factors. This exposure to multiple societal hazard factors can do some persons and/or groups within a population more vulnerable such autochthonal people, disables and adult females and kids ( Grbich, 1999 ) . Racism: Racism refers to the unequal intervention of people on the footing of their racial background. Australia has a history of racism, peculiarly with respect to the intervention of the Indigenous Australian population ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Racism can lend to wellness unfairnesss in a figure of ways: AÂ · Racist attitudes can restrict an single s entree to employment and educational chances. AÂ · Peoples who encounter wellness professionals who are insensitive to their demands and cultural beliefs about wellness attention will be less likely to seek preventive attention. AÂ · When persons are made to experience different and non accepted as portion of their community this can impact their feelings of dignity, possibly taking to depression. Health disparities are chiefly marked between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal work forces and adult females have a life anticipation which is 17 old ages lower than the national norm ( ABS, 2004 ) . Discrimination: Discrimination can be based on a figure of factors. As celebrated earlier, persons can be discriminated against because of their racial background. Peoples can besides be discriminated against on the footing of: AÂ · Age AÂ · gender AÂ · matrimonial position AÂ · instruction degree AÂ · topographic point of abode AÂ · holding a disablement When an person is discriminated against it consequences in that individual non having the same chances as others. Peoples who experience favoritism might non, for illustration, derive entree to employment, instruction or wellness or other services. Those who are discriminated against can experience powerless, have a deficiency of control over their state of affairs, and develop a sense of hopelessness, which affects their mental wellness ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Entree to, and degree of, instruction Groups with the worst wellness position tend to hold the least instruction. Adequate instruction can supply people with the indispensable cognition, expertness and attitudes to take healthy lives ( Grbich, 1999 ) . Education besides contributes to employment chances, which can find the economic resources that a individual will hold ( Baum et al. , 2000 ) . However persons face many barriers in deriving entree to educational chances. These include: AÂ · cultural disaffection from the school system AÂ · deficient resources to take part to the full in the school s community AÂ · force per unit areas to go forth formal instruction early to gain money. In add-on, with the tendency towards increased fees, entree to third instruction is going more and more complicated for those with restricted economic resources. 2. Early childhood centres and decrease in wellness disparities The greatest index of wellness and health in a community is the extent to which it nurtures healthy kids, as they will go the wellness grownup citizens who make communities vibrant. Education, child care, parenting and other sectors that determine a kid s environmental characteristics all play a critical function in assisting develop a kid s capacity to get by with future. A kid s innate features besides seem to hold an consequence on resiliency ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Resilience is a construct that captures how some kids seem to hold the ability to make good in life, irrespective of the adversities imposed on them ( Armstrong, Birnie-Lefcovitch A ; Ungar, 2005 ; Stanley, Richardson A ; Prior, 2005 ) . A kid with a positive disposition will frequently demo resiliency and demonstrate continuity and emotional ordinance to accommodate to life ( Stanley et al. , 2005 ) . There has been a renewed acknowledgment, emerging from research grounds, that the experiences of early childhood can hold a profound womb-to-tomb impact on a kid s wellness, good being, and competency ( McMurray, 2007 ) . For accomplishing child wellness, all known hazard factors and factors that develop kids s resiliency and capacity to get by with their environments must be acknowledged and incorporated into a community s ends and marks for bar, protection, and wellness publicity. An intersectoral strategic attack is indispensable for turn toing the kids wellness issues. Some of the schemes for cut downing wellness disparities could be as follows: AÂ · Building healthy populace policy Constructing a healthy public policy for kids should guarantee that policies regulating unwellness and hurt surveillance, wellness and fittingness publicity, household support systems and sustainable environments are all developed coherently, so that all influences on wellness are acknowledged by all sectors of society ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Early kid development and rearing plans should be included in public policy constructions that embrace all sectors associating to human development, including instruction and wellness ( McCain A ; Mustard, 2002 ) . Policies to advance better wellness among kids should react to kids s holistic demands for balance and possible. This means that school boards and instruction governments should reframe course of study to suit the demand for physical instruction plans as built-in to kids s development and non merely an add-on to larning ( McMurray, 2007 ) . Schools can besides be effectual in advancing child wellness literacy for case focal point on good nutrition by extinguishing high fat content from school canteens and advancing better nutritionary criterions. Harmonizing McCain and Mustard ( 2002 ) , schools are ideal puting to supply dietetic advice at opportune times for immature households and this attack is peculiarly helpful to urban and rural households without other services, as they are frequently able to supply information that is both culturally appropriate and family-friendly. This identifies that educational scenes are topographic points where immature kids can non merely larn, but b esides thrive. AÂ · Creating supportive environment Supportive and contributing environments are critical to guarantee that wellness and developmental demands of kids are met. Such environment can be created by advancing and beef uping child wellness cognition and accomplishments of workers such as wellness professionals, pedagogues, household support workers and protective services staff involved with child care. Health professionals provide attention during gestation, after birth and during childhood while workers from other sectors such pedagogues and childcare workers supply services during kids s transmutation stage from childhood to maturity. The supportive environments should back up ongoing professional development with an accent on linkages across subjects in kids s wellness, development and well-being ( McMurray, 2007 ) . McCain and Mustard ( 2002 ) advocator for better usage of schools installations for rearing resources, particularly in eventides and on weekends, every bit good as during the twenty-four hours, to promote community engagement in early kid development. Likewise affecting local councils more in wellness and well-being is a positive measure in advancing supportive environments for wellness and a sense of belonging, particularly at the vicinity degree. This besides helps construct trusting, cohesive environments through intersectoral committednesss to kids s instruction in the household, place and school ( Berliner, 2005 ) . AÂ · Strengthen the capacity of households and communities Families and communities play a critical function in supplying safe and back uping environments for the healthy growing and development of kids. Community partnership schemes can be helpful in constructing resiliency in kids, if they shift from a hazard orientation to constructing kids s competency. Children s single interactions with their societal universe should assist them develop personal capacity within a safe, supportive, authorising larning environment ( Vimpani, 2000 ) . Demonstrated partnerships, with kid at the Centre of community gives a sense to the kid that his wellness and well-being is most important for the community and besides gives a sense of proof as he moves through the different phases of childhood, larning to get by with life s challenges and develop assurance and command at each phase. Parent-to parent plans and early kid development plans like Australian Early Old ages schemes have in common a focal point on beef uping community action for healthy childhood ( Downie, Clark A ; Clementson, 2004-05 ) . AÂ · Developing Personal accomplishments The wellness, instruction and community public assistance groups should priorities to assist guarantee schemes and plans to the development of appropriate accomplishments in people working with kids. It includes development of the work force within the wellness sector, and in culturally appropriate ways ( McMurray, 2007 ) . It recognizes the demand to back up and beef up the cognition and accomplishments of workers across other sectors whose work makes a significant part to the wellness of kids. Educational establishments can be helpful in this regard, conveying people together as community occupants and supplying classs and preparations that help them heighten their accomplishments and strengths to get by with the challenges of their work ( McMurray, 2007 ) . AÂ · Reorientating wellness services There is turning acknowledgment of the benefits of new attacks to long-run investing in kids s wellness, development and well-being. Stable partnership creates new capacity to present benefits and sustainable wellness additions for kids. Teamwork and partnerships restrain immense potency to develop and split expertness and resources through emerging whole-of-government attacks to planning, which may happen between the wellness and other sectors, between bureaus and across traditional boundaries. Stanley et Al ( 2005 ) suggest a more preventative focal point, one that will increase apprehension of kids s development among the general population every bit good as authorities policy shapers. Different types of partnerships such as at national, province, regional and local degrees can be successfully created and embedded in local communities to profit kids. Decision Holistic wellness publicity attempts should relieve and non worsen wellness inequalities ( Donatelle, 2006 ) . The purpose of wellness publicity should non be to extinguish all wellness inequalities, but instead to cut down or extinguish those that result from factors that are potentially evitable and unjust and which consequence in important disease load among deprived groups. To cut down wellness inequalities wellness publicity attacks must work with both kids and the topographic points in which they live their lives.

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber Saber, a common Spanish verb usually meaning to know in the sense of having knowledge, is highly irregular. Both the stem and the endings can take unexpected forms. Saber should not be confused with conocer, which also means to know, but in the sense of being familiar with a person. Conocer also is conjugated irregularly Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Pronouns are shown for convenience and clarity; they often are omitted in everyday speech and writing. Infinitive of Saber saber (to know) Gerund of Saber sabiendo (knowing) Participle of Saber sabido (known) Present indicative of Saber sà © (I know), tà º sabes (you know), usted/à ©l/ella sabe (you know, he/she knows), nosotros/as sabemos (we know), vosotros/as sabà ©is (you know), ustedes/ellos/ellas saben (you/they know) Preterite Indicative of Saber yo supe (I knew), tà º supiste (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella supo (you, he/she knew), nosotros/as supimos (we knew), vosotros/as supisteis (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas supieron (they knew) Imperfect Indicative of Saber yo sabà ­a (I knew), tà º sabà ­as (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella sabà ­a (you/he/she knew), nosotros/as sabà ­amos (we knew), vosotros/as sabà ­ais (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabà ­an (you/they knew) Future Indicative of Saber yo sabrà © (I will know), tà º sabrs (you will know), usted/à ©l/ella sabr (you/he/she will know), nosotros/as sabremos (we will know), vosotros/as sabrà ©is (you will know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrn (they will know) Conditional of Saber yo sabrà ­a (I would know), tà º sabrà ­as (you would know), usted/à ©l/ella sabrà ­a (you/he/she would know), nosotros/as sabrà ­amos (we would know), vosotros/as sabrà ­ais (you would know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrà ­an (you/they would know) Present Subjunctive of Saber que yo sepa (that I know), que tà º sepas (that you know), que usted/à ©l/ella sepa (that you/he/she know), que nosotros/as sepamos (that we know), que vosotros/as sepis (that you know), que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepan (that you/they know) Imperfect Subjunctive of Saber que yo supiera/supiese (that I knew), que tà º supieras/supieses (that you knew), que usted/à ©l/ella supiera/supiese (that you/he/she knew), que nosotros/as supià ©ramos/supià ©semos (that we knew), que vosotros/as supierais/supieseis (that you knew), que ustedes/ellos/ellas supieran/supiesen (that you/they knew) Imperative of Saber sabe tà º (know), no sepas tà º (dont know), sepa usted (know), sepamos nosotros/as (let us know), sabed vosotros/as (know), no sepis vosotros/as (dont know), sepan ustedes (know) Present Perfect Indicative of Saber yo he sabido, tà º has sabido, usted/à ©l/ella ha sabido, nosotros/as hemos sabido, vosotros habà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas han sabido (I have known, you have known, she has known, etc.) Pluperfect (Past Perfect Indicative of Saber) yo habà ­a sabido, tà º habà ­a sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habà ­amos sabido, vosotros habà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habà ­an sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that he had known, etc.) Future Perfect Indicative of Saber yo habrà © sabido, tà º habrs sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habr sabido, nosotros/as habremos sabido, vosotros habrà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrn sabido (I will have known, you will have known, she will have known, etc.) Present Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo haya sabido, tà º hayas sabido, usted/à ©l/ella haya sabido, nosotros/as hayamos sabido, vosotros hayis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hayan sabido (that I have known, that you have known, that he has known, etc.) Past Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo hubiera/hubiese sabido, tà º hubieras/hubieses sabido, usted/à ©l/ella hubiera/hubieses sabido, nosotros/as hubià ©ramos/hubià ©semos sabido, vosotros hubierais/hubieseis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hubieran/hubiesen sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that she had known, etc.) Conditional Perfect of Saber yo habrà ­a sabido, tà º habrà ­as sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habrà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habrà ­amos sabido, vosotros habrà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrà ­an sabido (I would have known, you would have known, he would have known, etc.) Progressive Tenses of Saber The many  progressive  tenses use the appropriate form  estar  followed by the  gerund,  sabiendo. It is not common, however, to use saber in a progressive form. Sample Sentences Using Forms of Saber Quiero saber lo que piensas. (I want to know what youre thinking. Infinitive.) No sà © que hacer. (I dont know what to do. Present tense.)  ¿Cuntos aà ±os tenà ­as cuando supiste la siguiente informacià ³n? (How old were you when you learned the following information? Note that in the preterite tense, which is used here, conocer often means to learn or to come to know.) Estbamos sorprendidos porque no sabà ­amos lo que habà ­a pasado. (We were surprised because we didnt know what had happened.) Hemos sabido por mucho tiempo que el ser humano posee el poder transformar la Tierra en formas a la vez terribles y majestuosas. (We have known for a long time that the human being has the power to transform the Earth in ways both terrible and majestic at the same time. Present perfect.) Sin muchos consejos, no sabrà ­amos lo que debemos estudiar. (Without a lot of advice, we wouldnt know what we should study.) Cuando veas las fotos, sabrs la verdad. (When you see the photos, you will know the truth. Future.) No me importa que Roxana sepa que soy su benefactor. (It doesnt matter that Roxana knows Im her benefactor. Present subjunctive.) Podrà ­a estar roto por semanas y no lo habrà ­an sabido. (It could be broken for weeks and they would not have known. Conditional perfect.)

Hospitality question and answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospitality question and answer - Essay Example Responsibility and authority are affixed with top down arrow and accountability is represented by bottom up arrow in the organizational chart. . Leading/Directing: Leadership is the ability of to get work done through others, while at the same time winning their confidence, respect, loyalty, and willing cooperation. The Food and Beverage Director is trained to lead and direct the entire team. They are also trained to be accountable for the actions of the team members. Staffing: Job analysis is carried out and tasks are identified in each job. Job position standards are set at all levels of the hierarchy. Recruitment is carried out as per job description in case a shortfall arises. Records regarding the employee performance are maintained. It is important to know the duties of supervisor in the employment and management function, to have the knowledge of employment laws, employment awards, classification and grades, internal and external effects on employment grades, statistical formulae, job analysis, performance standards, Job/position description, Job/Position Specification, Essential and Desirable Criteria for the ‘right’ applicant, recruitment, the job application, selection, employment interview, company orientation and job induction. Monitoring/Controlling: The Service Director, Executive Chef, Executive Steward and Beverage conduct quality control, quantity control, cost control, time control, people control, inventory control, safety control and report to the Food and Beverage Director who further reports to the Manager. Controls are grouped as Steering Controls, Screening Controls and Post action Controls. Steering controls highlight deviations from the set standard or the objective to be achieved before the activity is completed. Check points during the task can steer the worker in the correct direction toward the goal. Screening goals are referred to as Yes/No goals. They monitor

Television Incorporated and Face Validity Case Study - 91

Television Incorporated and Face Validity - Case Study Example Jack makes a decision to reduce some of her duties so that she can resume to her normal level of success but things get worse with so many tasks left undone. The person job fits and placement are applied in this case as we see Ada performing so well in her tasks in the first few months before she is overcome with the work overload that she initiated by requesting more tasks from Jack. Face validity is a form of validity that is used to determine if a measure has given the expected results in regards to what it was supposed to measure. In this case, face validity was used to make decisions in various instances. First, Jack is able to pick Ada among the applicants since her credentials show that she can fit in the job of an administrative assistant. Second, Jack used face validity to summon Ada and reduce her duties and responsibilities since he notices the gradual change in how Ada is performing her tasks. The steps in validating a selection device include observing the behavior of an employee and noting whether he or she is performing tasks as allocated. If there is a gradual change as seen in the case of Ada, get concerned and seek to get a solution to the problem. If multiple predictors are used it becomes easier to make a decision that is in line with the firm or organizational goal. Jack has applied predictors in such a case to handle the case related to Ada. The compensatory approach seems to be ineffective here since Ada is not ready to let off some duties even after Jack noting that she is not doing well in her tasks. In addition, after Jack reduces her workload, it becomes worse than it was before as Ada is unable to perform her tasks Validity generalization would not be appropriate for jobs at AAA television. It is clear that there are many tasks associated with AAA television and they are interrelated. If one employee slows down, the rest are affected.